Endocrine (USMLE) high yield Cases

Case: Primary psychogenic polydipsia

Case: Pheochromocytoma

Case: DKA (Diabetic ketoacidosis)

Case: Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia

American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines for Diabetes mellitus

According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines , Diabetes Mellitus (DM) screening should start at age 45 in patients with no DM risk factors. However, patients with risk factors require screening at an earlier age.

The risk factor for developing future DM include excess body weight, family history of type 2 diabetes, and hypertension.



ADA guidelines recommend one of the following DM screening tests.

Plasma HbA1c is a screening modality for diabetes mellitus. Fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, and hyperglycemia in the presence of symptoms can also be used. However the results should be confirmed by repeat testing in the absence of unequivocal hyperglycemia.

Dawn Phenomenon and the Somogyi Effect-USMLE CK

For Dawn phenomenon HYPER -INCREASE INSULIN 
For Somogyi phenomenon HYPO -DECREASE INSULIN

In other way which we are giving insulin :---
Somogyi = so much insulin. 
Dawn = down insulin.

Thyrotoxicosis with low radioactive iodine

The most important cause of thyrotoxicosis with low radioactive iodine uptake include:

1.Subacute painless thyroiditis
2.subacute granulomatous thyroiditis
3.iodine induced thyroid toxicosis
4.levothyroxine overdose
5.Struma ovarii

Multinodular Goiter

Multinodular Goiter - Euthyroid Patient : 

Non-Tender-thyroid nodule.

USG: 

Difference between Primary aldosteronism and Secondary aldosteronism

Primary Aldosteronism

• Increase intravascular Volume
• Decrease RENIN Level
• Do not have pedal edema
• Hypertension

Secondary Aldosteronism

• Decrease intravascular Volume
• Increase RENIN level 
• Somtimes have Edematous state
• Hypotension