Early vs Late Congenital Syphilis

Early congenital syphilis :

• Non - immune hydrops
• Macerated skin 
• Thrombocytopenia

Late congenital syphilis :

• Hutchinson teeth
• Mulberry molars
• Saber shins

HSV Retinitis vs CMV Retinitis

Difference between HSV Retinitis and CMV Retinitis

Immunodeficiency Disorders - ( Easy way to Remember ) - USMLE

CVID :

B cells normal in numbers ; but decrease in IgG IgM and IgA

• Recurrent sinopulmonary infections in adults 
• Decreased response to Antigen stimulation of B cells .
• NORMAL amount of lymphoid tissues 

Rx : IV immunoglobulins

X-linked (Bruton) Agammaglobulinemia :

• Male Children 
• B cells and Lymphoid tissue are diminished 
• Absence of the tonsils, adenoids , lymph nodes . T cell NORMAL 

Rx : IVIG

SCID :

Combined so Both B and T cells - related to both : B cells : recurrent sinopulmonary infection as early 6 month. T cells : Candida , AIDS , PCP

Rx : BMT

IgA deficiency :

• sinopulmonary infections : Difference it also have Atopic diseases , Anaphylaxis to blood tranfusion when blood is given from a patient who has normal levels of IgA
• Sprue like condition with fat malabsorption 

Rx : infections and use blood from igA-deficient donors or that has been washed.

Hyper IgE: skin infections with staph.

CGD:

lymph nodes with purulent material leaking out . Abnormal NBT testing .

Lyme disease

Lyme disease.Erythema chronicum migrans. Expanding “bull’s eye” red rash.

Caused by Borrelia burgdorferi,which is transmitted by the tick Ixodes A (also vector for Babesia). Natural reservoir is the mouse.Mice are important to tick life cycle.

Common in northeastern United States.

Initial symptoms—erythema chronicum migrans, flu-like symptoms, +/- facial nerve palsy.
Later symptoms—monoarthritis (large joints) and migratory polyarthritis, cardiac (AV nodal block), neurologic (encephalopathy, facial nerve palsy, polyneuropathy).

Treatment: doxycycline, ceftriaxone.

mnemonic of Eosinophilia

mnemonic of Eosinophilia

Dengue fever and its prevention

Breakbone fever mosquito borne tropical disease ''Dengue Virus''

Symptoms :-

Febrile phase

• Sudden onset fever
• headache
• mouth and nose bleeding
• muscle and joint pains
• Vomiting
• rash
• diarrhea

Critical phase

• Hypotension
• pleural effusion
• ascites
• GI bleeding 

Recovery phase

• Altered level of consciousness
• seizures
• itching
• slow heart rate

Common symptoms :

1.Fever
2.Headache
3.Muscular and joint pain
4.Skin rash similar to measles

In small portion of cases :
Dengue hemorrhage fever resulting bleeding, low level of platelets

Rx:

Acute Condition: Supportive (paracetamol)  and Oral or IV rehydration

• Do not prescribe Aspirin , Ibuprofen and Antibiotics ( Contraindicated) 

For Severe Cases: IV fluids and blood transfusion

Prevention: No vaccine but get rid if open source of water.

Gram positive Cocci Classification

Polycistronic mRNA (Bacterial lac operon)

Bacterial mRNA can be polycistronic, meaning that one mRNA codes for several proteins. An example of polycistronic mRNA is the bacterial lac operon, which codes for the proteins necessary for lactose metabolism by E. coil; the transcription and translation of these bacterial proteins is regulated by a single promoter, operator, and set of regulatory elements.